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%\title[GEANT4/EGS5]{GEANT4/EGS5}

\title{Future: dark sectors}

\author{Sho Uemura}
%\institute{bumming around}
\date[August 20, 2018]

%\titlegraphic{
%\includegraphics[height=0.1\textheight]{SLAC_Logo}\hspace*{4.75cm}~
%\includegraphics[height=0.1\textheight]{partner_logo_v2}
%}

\begin{document}

%\setcounter{framenumber}{2} 
\begin{frame}
    \titlepage
\end{frame}

%\begin{frame}{Dark photon plans}
    %\begin{columns}
        %\column{0.65\textwidth}
        %\begin{itemize}
            %\item Parasitic run (alongside E1039)
            %\item EMCal upgrade (after E1039)
            %\item Long-term dark sectors program?
        %\end{itemize}
        %%\begin{center}
        %%\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{st2_done_1000}
        %%\end{center}
        %\column{0.35\textwidth}
        %%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{st1_done_1000}
    %\end{columns}
%\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Why dark sectors?}
    %\begin{columns}
    %\column{0.6\textwidth}
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Standard Model is mostly complete: what's next?
        \item 10 years ago we thought we knew:
            \begin{itemize}
                \item Find the Higgs
                \item Find WIMP dark matter
                \item Find supersymmetry
            \end{itemize}
        \item Now it feels like we are 1 for 3 and we're missing something big
        \item Good time for small experiments making big bets
            \begin{itemize}
                \item Axions
                \item Light dark matter
                \item Dark sectors
            \end{itemize}
    \end{itemize}
    %\column{0.4\textwidth}
    %\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{What is the dark photon?}
    \begin{columns}
        \column{0.6\textwidth}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item ``Dark sector'' emerging as a picture of dark matter that is compatible with light dark matter, and allows for self-scattering, collisional excitation, annihilation
                \begin{itemize}
                    \item Standard Model forces don't couple to the dark sector, dark forces don't couple to Standard Model matter
                    \item ``Portals'' create weak effective couplings between the sectors
                \end{itemize}
            \item Dark photon: dark mediator is a massive $U(1)$ boson (``vector portal'') with weak effective coupling to electric charge
                \begin{itemize}
                    \item Minimal model that says nothing about the structure of the dark sector
                \end{itemize}
        \end{itemize}
        \column{0.4\textwidth}
        \begin{center}
            \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sm_dark}

            \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{kinetic_mixing}
        \end{center}
    \end{columns}
\end{frame}

%\begin{frame}{Parameter space}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.6\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Two relevant parameters: mass $m_{A'}$, coupling strength $\epsilon=\sqrt{\alpha'/\alpha}$
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Coupling strength governs production from, and decay to, Standard Model matter
%\item Favored region is $m_{A'}$ MeV---GeV, $\epsilon>10^{-6}$
%\end{itemize}
%\item Broad search space (few strongly favored regions in either mass or coupling)
%\begin{itemize}
%\item The dark photon is not the dark matter; cosmology is mostly sensitive to $\alpha_D$, the DM$-A'$ coupling
%\end{itemize}
%\item Mass hierarchy: dark photon decays visibly if $m_{A'}<2m_\chi$, invisibly if $m_{A'}>2m_\chi$
%\begin{itemize}
%\item SeaQuest is sensitive to visible decays
%\end{itemize}
%\end{itemize}
%%\begin{center}
%%\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{st2_done_1000}
%%\end{center}
%\column{0.4\textwidth}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{seaquest_reach}
%
%%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{reach_gardner}
%\end{columns}
%\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{SeaQuest search for dark photons}
    \begin{columns}
        \column{0.7\textwidth}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item Identify dark photons that travel through the dump before dimuon decay
            %\item Two levels: identify displaced tracks, trigger on pairs
    \begin{center}
        \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{trigger_schematic}
    \end{center}
        \end{itemize}
        \column{0.3\textwidth}

        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IMG_2459_1000}
    \end{columns}
    \begin{center}
        %\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{trigger_sketch}
        %\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{st2_done_1000}
        \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{displaced}
    \end{center}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Why SeaQuest?}
    \begin{columns}
        \column{0.6\textwidth}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item Most fixed-target dark photon experiments have thin targets or thick beam dumps (100s of meters)
            \item SeaQuest has:
                \begin{itemize}
                    \item Thin dump, just thick enough to absorb beam backgrounds
                    \item High beam energy (boosts the $A'$, so $\gamma c\tau$ gets through the dump)
                    \item Proton beam: many production channels and wide mass coverage
                \end{itemize}
            \item Strong support from theory groups for a broad dark sectors program at SeaQuest
        \end{itemize}
        %\begin{center}
        %\end{center}
        \column{0.4\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ProductionAprime}

        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{reach_differentchannels}
    \end{columns}
    %\begin{center}
    %\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{displaced}
    %\end{center}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Displaced dimuon parasitic run (current commitment)}
    \begin{columns}
        \column{0.65\textwidth}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item Dimuon trigger is already commissioned, ready to go
            \item Run dimuon dark photon search during E1039 commissioning and running
            \item Analysis should get a result quickly
                \begin{itemize}
                    \item Efficiency and signal model are ready
                    \item Shoot for initial result (from first year's data) late 2019/early 2020
                \end{itemize}
            \item 2019--2021: 0.5 postdoc
        \end{itemize}
        %\begin{center}
        %\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{st2_done_1000}
        %\end{center}
        \column{0.35\textwidth}
        %\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{st1_done_1000}
    \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{EMCal upgrade for dielectron trigger}
    \begin{columns}
        \column{0.65\textwidth}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item One PHENIX EMCal sector: $2\times4$ m$^2$ wall of Pb-scintillator shashlyks
            \item Simple energy threshold can trigger on non-MIP particles
            \item Track matching enables electron ID (reject $K^0_L\to\pi^\pm e^\mp\nu_e$ mis-ID background)
            \item Requires some spectrometer reconfiguration --- must be installed after E1039 is done
                %\begin{itemize}
                %\item P
                %\end{itemize}
        \end{itemize}
        \begin{center}
            \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{emcal_location}
        \end{center}
        \column{0.35\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{phenix_emcal}

        %\column{0.35\textwidth}
        %\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{Visible_Aprime_Future}
    \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{SeaQuest after E1039}
    \begin{center}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermilab_schedule}
    \end{center}
    \begin{itemize}
        \item NM4 is unscheduled after E1039: new NP program possible, or dedicated HEP dark sectors program?
        \item Dark photon searches can run in either scenario
    \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%2020 - 2021 Planning for the EMCal upgrade (1 staff + 1 postdoc)
\begin{frame}{Planning EMCal upgrade}
    \begin{columns}
        \column{0.65\textwidth}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item Letter of Intent for EMCal
            \item Gather collaborators from the HEP world
            \item MC studies for full proposal
            \item Investigate hardware options
            \item 2020--2021: 0.5 staff, 1 postdoc
        \end{itemize}
        %\begin{center}
        %\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{st2_done_1000}
        %\end{center}
        \column{0.35\textwidth}
        %\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{st1_done_1000}
    \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Executing EMCal upgrade}
    \begin{columns}
        \column{0.65\textwidth}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item The two best sectors have been transferred (on paper) to LANL
            \item We have the full PHENIX readout system; investigating whether it can be directly reused for SeaQuest
                \begin{itemize}
                    \item Time structure (10 MHz vs. 53 MHz) is the main concern, but pileup is negligible
                    \item Alternative: STAR is developing an SiPM-based readout system with the same modules
                \end{itemize}
            \item 2021--2023: 1.5 staff, 2 postdoc, 1 engineer
                %\item HV uses LeCroy mainframes, will be loaned by BNL
                %\item LV used custom PHENIX supplies which are gone, looking at other options
                %\item Monitoring system: fibers and splitters are in place, probably use an LED light source in place of laser
                %\begin{itemize}
                %\item P
                %\end{itemize}
        \end{itemize}
        %\begin{center}
        %    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{emcal_location}
        %\end{center}
        \column{0.35\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{phenix_emcal_module}

        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{phenix_emcal_monitoring}
    \end{columns}
\end{frame}


%2019 - 2021 Analyzing the data from parasitic run from E1039 (0.5 staff + 1 postdoc)
%2020 - 2021 Planning for the EMCal upgrade (1 staff + 1 postdoc)
%2021 - 2023 Executing the EMCal upgrade (1.5 staff  + 2 postdoc + 1 engineer) 

%And we can also show a long term plan after 2022+ for dedicated dark photon program with possible parasitic nuclear physics program complementary to the sPHENIX and EIC spin physics.

\begin{frame}{The competition}
    %\begin{columns}
        %\column{0.65\textwidth}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item Expected before 2023 (left), proposed and 2023+ (right)
            \item LHCb triggerless readout 2021-23, NA62 beam-dump run 2023, FASER (proposed, early stages) 2021-2023
            \item SHiP proposed, earliest 2026
        \end{itemize}
        \begin{center}
            \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{aprime_soon}
            \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{aprime_future}
        \end{center}
        %\column{0.35\textwidth}
        %\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{st1_done_1000}
    %\end{columns}
\end{frame}

%muon LDMX: 1804.03144



%\begin{frame}{Displaced vertex trigger hodoscopes}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.65\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\begin{frame}{Displaced vertex trigger hodoscopes}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.65\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Hardware delivered this year:
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Hodoscope boxes and prototypes
%\item Readout and calibration systems
%\item Power supply system
%\item FPGA trigger
%\end{itemize}
%\item Installed and commissioned at Fermilab, and recorded physics data
%\end{itemize}
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{st2_done_1000}
%\end{center}
%\column{0.35\textwidth}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{st1_done_1000}

%\end{columns}
%\end{frame}

%\begin{frame}{Detector design}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.65\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Extruded scintillator bars detect charged particles, wavelength-shifting fibers collect light and transport it to the SiPMs
%\item Station 1: four boxes, 80 1-cm bars each
%\item Station 2: four boxes, 50 2-cm bars each
%\end{itemize}
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{st2_done_1000}
%\end{center}
%\column{0.35\textwidth}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{st1_done_1000}
%
%\end{columns}
%\end{frame}
%
%\begin{frame}{Mechanical structure}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.65\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Frame modified to minimize material in the detector acceptance
%\item Survey monuments for reproducible positioning
%\item Boxes are light-tight with patch panels for signals and voltages, ventilation flanges for air cooling (if necessary)
%\item Quadrants are bolted together using 80-20 hardware, then bolted to I-beams
%\end{itemize}
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{IMG_4793_1000}
%\end{center}
%\column{0.35\textwidth}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1mhodo_safety}
%
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{st1_position3}
%\end{columns}
%\end{frame}
%
%\begin{frame}{Readout electronics: preamps}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.6\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item ``Postage stamp'' x10 preamp design contributed by Fermilab, with modification to the pulse shaper
%\item Benchtop tests confirm gain degradation in magnetic field is acceptable
%\item SiPMs and preamps are mounted on ``preamp plate''
%\item All components electrically isolated from plate to avoid noise pickup
%\item Twisted-pair pigtail connects SiPM to preamp
%\end{itemize}
%\column{0.4\textwidth}
%%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{hodoscope_diagram}
%
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IMG_4794_half}
%
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IMG_4795_half}
%\end{columns}
%\end{frame}
%
%\begin{frame}{Readout electronics: cabling}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.6\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Short coaxial cables connect preamp outputs to patch panel
%\item Long coaxial cables connect patch panel to CAMAC discriminators
%\item Ribbon cables connect discriminators to trigger boards and TDCs
%\end{itemize}
%\column{0.4\textwidth}
%
%%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth,angle=270]{DSCN1860_1000}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IMG_2889_crop_1000}
%\end{columns}
%\end{frame}
%
%\begin{frame}{Single-bar beam test}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.6\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Single-bar test units: 1-cm and 2-cm units built and tested on the beam at SeaQuest in March
%\item Plots on right (2-cm on top, 1-cm on bottom) show hit times relative to E906 Drell-Yan trigger
%\begin{itemize}
%\item Small peaks are random particles from other beam buckets, big peak is in time with the trigger
%\end{itemize}
%\item Proved the system works with real beam, in the real environment
%\end{itemize}
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IMG_4732}
%\end{center}
%\column{0.4\textwidth}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{tube1}
%
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{tube2}
%\end{columns}
%\end{frame}

\appendix
\backupbegin



%\begin{frame}{Backup: hodoscope block diagram}
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{hodoscope_diagram}
%\end{center}
%\end{frame}
%
%\begin{frame}{Backup: power box block diagram}
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{power_box_diagram}
%\end{center}
%\end{frame}
%
%\begin{frame}{Backup: master box block diagram}
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{master_box_diagram}
%\end{center}
%\end{frame}
%
\backupend
%\begin{frame}{Fix vertex fit}
%\begin{columns}
%\column{0.6\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%\item The resolution of the reconstructed mass should be independent of Z but is worse for displaced vertices.
%\end{itemize}
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{mass_shift_40}
%\end{center}
%\column{0.4\textwidth}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth,page=4]{acceptance_40}
%\end{columns}
%\end{frame}

\end{document}
