@article{damic2020,
	title = {Results on {Low}-{Mass} {Weakly} {Interacting} {Massive} {Particles} from an 11 kg-day {Target} {Exposure} of {DAMIC} at {SNOLAB}},
	volume = {125},
	issn = {0031-9007, 1079-7114},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.15622},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.241803},
	abstract = {We present constraints on the existence of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) from an 11 kg-day target exposure of the DAMIC experiment at the SNOLAB underground laboratory. The observed energy spectrum and spatial distribution of ionization events with electron-equivalent energies \${\textgreater}\$200 eV\$\_\{{\textbackslash}rm ee\}\$ in the DAMIC CCDs are consistent with backgrounds from natural radioactivity. An excess of ionization events is observed above the analysis threshold of 50 eV\$\_\{{\textbackslash}rm ee\}\$. While the origin of this low-energy excess requires further investigation, our data exclude spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering cross sections \${\textbackslash}sigma\_\{{\textbackslash}chi-n\}\$ as low as \$3{\textbackslash}times 10{\textasciicircum}\{-41\}\$ cm\${\textasciicircum}2\$ for WIMPs with masses \$m\_\{{\textbackslash}chi\}\$ from 7 to 10 GeV\$c{\textasciicircum}\{-2\}\$ . These results are the strongest constraints from a silicon target on the existence of WIMPs with \$m\_\{{\textbackslash}chi\}\$\${\textless}\$9 GeV\$c{\textasciicircum}\{-2\}\$ and are directly relevant to any dark matter interpretation of the excess of nuclear-recoil events observed by the CDMS silicon experiment in 2013.},
	number = {24},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Aguilar-Arevalo, Alexis and Amidei, D. and Baxter, D. and Cancelo, G. and Vergara, B. A. Cervantes and Chavarria, A. E. and D'Olivo, J. C. and Estrada, J. and Favela-Perez, F. and Gaior, R. and Guardincerri, Y. and Hoppe, E. W. and Hossbach, T. W. and Kilminster, B. and Lawson, I. and Lee, S. J. and Letessier-Selvon, A. and Matalon, A. and Mitra, P. and Overman, C. T. and Piers, A. and Privitera, P. and Ramanathan, K. and Da Rocha, J. and Sarkis, Y. and Settimo, M. and Smida, R. and Thomas, R. and Tiffenberg, J. and Traina, M. and Vilar, R. and Virto, A. L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment},
	pages = {241803},
	annote = {Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/69CZZKAN/Aguilar-Arevalo et al. - 2020 - Results on Low-Mass Weakly Interacting Massive Par.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/R7LJVJ23/2007.html:text/html},
}

@article{damic2019,
	title = {Constraints on {Light} {Dark} {Matter} {Particles} {Interacting} with {Electrons} from {DAMIC} at {SNOLAB}},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {0031-9007, 1079-7114},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12628},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.181802},
	abstract = {We report direct-detection constraints on light dark matter particles interacting with electrons. The results are based on a method that exploits the extremely low levels of leakage current of the DAMIC detector at SNOLAB of 2-6\${\textbackslash}times\$10\${\textasciicircum}\{-22\}\$ A cm\${\textasciicircum}\{-2\}\$. We evaluate the charge distribution of pixels that collect \${\textless}10{\textasciitilde}{\textbackslash}rm\{e{\textasciicircum}-\}\$ for contributions beyond the leakage current that may be attributed to dark matter interactions. Constraints are placed on so-far unexplored parameter space for dark matter masses between 0.6 and 100 MeV\$c{\textasciicircum}\{-2\}\$. We also present new constraints on hidden-photon dark matter with masses in the range \$1.2\$-\$30\$ eV\$c{\textasciicircum}\{-2\}\$.},
	number = {18},
	urldate = {2022-02-04},
	journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Aguilar-Arevalo, Alexis and Amidei, D. and Baxter, D. and Cancelo, G. and Vergara, B. A. Cervantes and Chavarria, A. E. and Darragh-Ford, E. and Neto, J. R. T. de Mello and D'Olivo, J. C. and Estrada, J. and Gaïor, R. and Guardincerri, Y. and Hossbach, T. W. and Kilminster, B. and Lawson, I. and Lee, S. J. and Letessier-Selvon, A. and Matalon, A. and Mello, V. B. B. and Mitra, P. and Mobarak, Y. S. and Molina, J. and Paul, S. and Piers, A. and Privitera, P. and Ramanathan, K. and Da Rocha, J. and Settimo, M. and Smida, R. and Thomas, R. and Tiffenberg, J. and Machado, D. Torres and Vilar, R. and Virto, A. L.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors},
	pages = {181802},
	annote = {Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/WWTRCLAA/Aguilar-Arevalo et al. - 2019 - Constraints on Light Dark Matter Particles Interac.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/3HEGI2P2/1907.html:text/html},
}


@article{essig2016,
	title = {Direct detection of sub-{GeV} dark matter with semiconductor targets},
	volume = {2016},
	issn = {1029-8479},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2016)046},
	doi = {10.1007/JHEP05(2016)046},
	abstract = {Dark matter in the sub-GeV mass range is a theoretically motivated but largely unexplored paradigm. Such light masses are out of reach for conventional nuclear recoil direct detection experiments, but may be detected through the small ionization signals caused by dark matter-electron scattering. Semiconductors are well-studied and are particularly promising target materials because their \$\$ {\textbackslash}mathcal\{O\} \$\$(1 eV) band gaps allow for ionization signals from dark matter particles as light as a few hundred keV. Current direct detection technologies are being adapted for dark matter-electron scattering. In this paper, we provide the theoretical calculations for dark matter-electron scattering rate in semiconductors, overcoming several complications that stem from the many-body nature of the problem. We use density functional theory to numerically calculate the rates for dark matter-electron scattering in silicon and germanium, and estimate the sensitivity for upcoming experiments such as DAMIC and SuperCDMS. We find that the reach for these upcoming experiments has the potential to be orders of magnitude beyond current direct detection constraints and that sub-GeV dark matter has a sizable modulation signal. We also give the first direct detection limits on sub-GeV dark matter from its scattering off electrons in a semiconductor target (silicon) based on published results from DAMIC. We make available publicly our code, QEdark, with which we calculate our results. Our results can be used by experimental collaborations to calculate their own sensitivities based on their specific setup. The searches we propose will probe vast new regions of unexplored dark matter model and parameter space.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2022-02-05},
	journal = {J. High Energy Phys.},
	author = {Essig, Rouven and Fernández-Serra, Marivi and Mardon, Jeremy and Soto, Adrián and Volansky, Tomer and Yu, Tien-Tien},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {46},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/HHZWG9PY/Essig et al. - 2016 - Direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter with semic.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{skipper2012,
	title = {Sub-electron readout noise in a {Skipper} {CCD} fabricated on high resistivity silicon},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1572-9508},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-012-9298-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10686-012-9298-x},
	abstract = {The readout noise for Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) has been the main limitation when using these detectors for measuring small amplitude signals. A scientific CCD fabricated on a high-resistivity silicon substrate utilizing a floating gate amplifier with the capability of multiple sampling of the charge signal is described in this paper. The Skipper CCD architecture and its advantages for low noise applications are discussed. A technique for obtaining sub-electron readout noise levels is presented, and its noise and signal characteristics are derived. We demonstrate that with this procedure a very low readout noise of 0.2e −  RMS can be achieved. The contribution of other noise sources (output stage, vertical and horizontal charge transfer inefficiency, and dark current noise) are also considered. The optimum number of samples for achieving the total lowest possible noise level is obtained. This technique is applied to an X-rays experiment using a 55Fe source.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-24},
	journal = {Exp. Astron.},
	author = {Fernández Moroni, Guillermo and Estrada, Juan and Cancelo, Gustavo and Holland, Stephen E. and Paolini, Eduardo E. and Diehl, H. Thomas},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {43--64},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/X8LKISGY/Fernández Moroni et al. - 2012 - Sub-electron readout noise in a Skipper CCD fabric.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{skipper2017,
	title = {Single-{Electron} and {Single}-{Photon} {Sensitivity} with a {Silicon} {Skipper} {CCD}},
	volume = {119},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.131802},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.131802},
	abstract = {We have developed ultralow-noise electronics in combination with repetitive, nondestructive readout of a thick, fully depleted charge-coupled device (CCD) to achieve an unprecedented noise level of 0.068 e− rms/pixel. This is the first time that discrete subelectron readout noise has been achieved reproducible over millions of pixels on a stable, large-area detector. This enables the contemporaneous, discrete, and quantized measurement of charge in pixels, irrespective of whether they contain zero electrons or thousands of electrons. Thus, the resulting CCD detector is an ultra-sensitive calorimeter. It is also capable of counting single photons in the optical and near-infrared regime. Implementing this innovative non-destructive readout system has a negligible impact on CCD design and fabrication, and there are nearly immediate scientific applications. As a particle detector, this CCD will have unprecedented sensitivity to low-mass dark matter particles and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, while future astronomical applications may include direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanets.},
	number = {13},
	urldate = {2022-05-05},
	journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Tiffenberg, Javier and Sofo-Haro, Miguel and Drlica-Wagner, Alex and Essig, Rouven and Guardincerri, Yann and Holland, Steve and Volansky, Tomer and Yu, Tien-Tien},
	month = sep,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131802},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/FKGUVMBP/PhysRevLett.119.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/ZGQZI3LG/Tiffenberg et al. - 2017 - Single-Electron and Single-Photon Sensitivity with.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@article{sensei2018,
	title = {{SENSEI}: {First} {Direct}-{Detection} {Constraints} on {Sub}-{GeV} {Dark} {Matter} from a {Surface} {Run}},
	volume = {121},
	shorttitle = {{SENSEI}},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.061803},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.061803},
	abstract = {The Sub-Electron-Noise Skipper CCD Experimental Instrument (SENSEI) uses the recently developed Skipper-CCD technology to search for electron recoils from the interaction of sub-GeV dark matter particles with electrons in silicon. We report first results from a prototype SENSEI detector, which collected 0.019 g day of commissioning data above ground at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. These commissioning data are sufficient to set new direct-detection constraints for dark matter particles with masses between ∼500 keV and 4 MeV. Moreover, since these data were taken on the surface, they disfavor previously allowed strongly interacting dark matter particles with masses between ∼500 keV and a few hundred MeV. We discuss the implications of these data for several dark matter candidates, including one model proposed to explain the anomalously large 21-cm signal observed by the EDGES Collaboration. SENSEI is the first experiment dedicated to the search for electron recoils from dark matter, and these results demonstrate the power of the Skipper-CCD technology for dark matter searches.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2022-05-05},
	journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Crisler, Michael and Essig, Rouven and Estrada, Juan and Fernandez, Guillermo and Tiffenberg, Javier and Haro, Miguel Sofo and Volansky, Tomer and Yu, Tien-Tien},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {061803},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/8ABTHA5M/PhysRevLett.121.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/VIPMRSSZ/SENSEI Collaboration et al. - 2018 - SENSEI First Direct-Detection Constraints on Sub-.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sensei2019,
	title = {{SENSEI}: {Direct}-{Detection} {Constraints} on {Sub}-{GeV} {Dark} {Matter} from a {Shallow} {Underground} {Run} {Using} a {Prototype} {Skipper} {CCD}},
	volume = {122},
	shorttitle = {{SENSEI}},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.161801},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.161801},
	abstract = {We present new direct-detection constraints on eV-to-GeV dark matter interacting with electrons using a prototype detector of the Sub-Electron-Noise Skipper-CCD Experimental Instrument. The results are based on data taken in the MINOS cavern at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. We focus on data obtained with two distinct readout strategies. For the first strategy, we read out the Skipper CCD continuously, accumulating an exposure of 0.177 g day. While we observe no events containing three or more electrons, we find a large one- and two-electron background event rate, which we attribute to spurious events induced by the amplifier in the Skipper-CCD readout stage. For the second strategy, we take five sets of data in which we switch off all amplifiers while exposing the Skipper CCD for 120 ks, and then read out the data through the best prototype amplifier. We find a one-electron event rate of (3.51±0.10)×10−3 events/pixel/day, which is almost 2 orders of magnitude lower than the one-electron event rate observed in the continuous-readout data, and a two-electron event rate of (3.18+0.86−0.55)×10−5 events/pixel/day. We again observe no events containing three or more electrons, for an exposure of 0.069 g day. We use these data to derive world-leading constraints on dark matter-electron scattering for masses between 500 keV and 5 MeV, and on dark-photon dark matter being absorbed by electrons for a range of masses below 12.4 eV.},
	number = {16},
	urldate = {2022-05-03},
	journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Abramoff, Orr and Barak, Liron and Bloch, Itay M. and Chaplinsky, Luke and Crisler, Michael and {Dawa} and Drlica-Wagner, Alex and Essig, Rouven and Estrada, Juan and Etzion, Erez and Fernandez, Guillermo and Gift, Daniel and Sofo-Haro, Miguel and Taenzer, Joseph and Tiffenberg, Javier and Volansky, Tomer and Yu, Tien-Tien},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {161801},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/GWVKFVF2/PhysRevLett.122.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/BLAN58WT/SENSEI Collaboration et al. - 2019 - SENSEI Direct-Detection Constraints on Sub-GeV Da.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sensei2020,
	title = {{SENSEI}: {Direct}-{Detection} {Results} on sub-{GeV} {Dark} {Matter} from a {New} {Skipper}-{CCD}},
	volume = {125},
	issn = {0031-9007, 1079-7114},
	shorttitle = {{SENSEI}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.11378},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.171802},
	abstract = {We present the first direct-detection search for eV-to-GeV dark matter using a new {\textasciitilde}2-gram high-resistivity Skipper-CCD from a dedicated fabrication batch that was optimized for dark-matter searches. Using 24 days of data acquired in the MINOS cavern at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, we measure the lowest rates in silicon detectors of events containing one, two, three, or four electrons, and achieve world-leading sensitivity for a large range of sub-GeV dark matter masses. Data taken with different thicknesses of the detector shield suggest a correlation between the rate of high-energy tracks and the rate of single-electron events previously classified as "dark current." We detail key characteristics of the new Skipper-CCDs, which augur well for the planned construction of the {\textasciitilde}100-gram SENSEI experiment at SNOLAB.},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2021-06-29},
	journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Barak, Liron and Bloch, Itay M. and Cababie, Mariano and Cancelo, Gustavo and Chaplinsky, Luke and Chierchie, Fernando and Crisler, Michael and Drlica-Wagner, Alex and Essig, Rouven and Estrada, Juan and Etzion, Erez and Moroni, Guillermo Fernandez and Gift, Daniel and Munagavalasa, Sravan and Orly, Aviv and Rodrigues, Dario and Singal, Aman and Haro, Miguel Sofo and Stefanazzi, Leandro and Tiffenberg, Javier and Uemura, Sho and Volansky, Tomer and Yu, Tien-Tien},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors},
	pages = {171802},
	annote = {Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 table + Supplemental Materials (5 pages, 8 figures) + References. v3: matches version published in PRL},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/meeg/Zotero/storage/T8SSM4WX/Barak et al. - 2020 - SENSEI Direct-Detection Results on sub-GeV Dark M.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/meeg/Zotero/storage/NA8T9ZDJ/2004.html:text/html},
}

@article{lta2020,
	title = {Low {Threshold} {Acquisition} controller for {Skipper} {CCDs}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.07599},
	abstract = {The development of the Skipper Charge Coupled Devices (Skipper-CCDs) has been a major technological breakthrough for sensing very weak ionizing particles. The sensor allows to reach the ultimate sensitivity of silicon material as a charge signal sensor by unambiguous determination of the charge signal collected by each cell or pixel, even for single electron-hole pair ionization. Extensive use of the technology was limited by the lack of specific equipment to operate the sensor at the ultimate performance. In this work a simple, single-board Skipper-CCD controller is presented, aimed for the operation of the detector in high sensitivity scientific applications. The article describes the main components and functionality of the Low Threshold Acquisition (LTA) together with experimental results when connected to a Skipper-CCD sensor. Measurements show unprecedented deep sub-electron noise of 0.039 e\${\textasciicircum}-\_\{rms\}\$/pix for 5000 pixel measurements.},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {arXiv:2004.07599},
	author = {Cancelo, Gustavo and Chavez, Claudio and Chierchie, Fernando and Estrada, Juan and Moroni, Guillermo Fernandez and Paolini, Eduardo Emilio and Haro, Miguel Sofo and Soto, Angel and Stefanazzi, Leandro and Tiffenberg, Javier and Treptow, Ken and Wilcer, Neal and Zmuda, Ted},
	month = apr,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Quantum Physics},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/BSLVW9NQ/Cancelo et al. - 2020 - Low Threshold Acquisition controller for Skipper C.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/58INEWQD/2004.html:text/html},
}


@article{sensei1e2022,
	title = {{SENSEI}: {Characterization} of {Single}-{Electron} {Events} {Using} a {Skipper}-{CCD}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {2331-7019},
	shorttitle = {{SENSEI}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.08347},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.17.014022},
	abstract = {We use a science-grade Skipper Charge Coupled Device (Skipper-CCD) operating in a low-radiation background environment to develop a semi-empirical model that characterizes the origin of single-electron events in CCDs. We identify, separate, and quantify three independent contributions to the single-electron events, which were previously bundled together and classified as "dark counts": dark current, amplifier light, and spurious charge. We measure a dark current, which depends on exposure, of (5.89+-0.77)x10{\textasciicircum}-4 e-/pix/day, and an unprecedentedly low spurious charge contribution of (1.52+-0.07)x10{\textasciicircum}-4 e-/pix, which is exposure-independent. In addition, we provide a technique to study events produced by light emitted from the amplifier, which allows the detector's operation to be optimized to minimize this effect to a level below the dark-current contribution. Our accurate characterization of the single-electron events allows one to greatly extend the sensitivity of experiments searching for dark matter or coherent neutrino scattering. Moreover, an accurate understanding of the origin of single-electron events is critical to further progress in ongoing R\&D efforts of Skipper and conventional CCDs.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-05},
	journal = {Phys. Rev. Appl.},
	author = {Barak, Liron and Bloch, Itay M. and Botti, Ana and Cababie, Mariano and Cancelo, Gustavo and Chaplinsky, Luke and Chierchie, Fernando and Crisler, Michael and Drlica-Wagner, Alex and Essig, Rouven and Estrada, Juan and Etzion, Erez and Moroni, Guillermo Fernandez and Gift, Daniel and Holland, Stephen E. and Munagavalasa, Sravan and Orly, Aviv and Rodrigues, Dario and Singal, Aman and Haro, Miguel Sofo and Stefanazzi, Leandro and Tiffenberg, Javier and Uemura, Sho and Volansky, Tomer and Yu, Tien-Tien},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors},
	pages = {014022},
	annote = {Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/meeg/Zotero/storage/L3ULLPC2/Barak et al. - 2022 - SENSEI Characterization of Single-Electron Events.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/meeg/Zotero/storage/9QWKDSUB/2106.html:text/html},
}


@article{du_sources_2022,
	title = {Sources of {Low}-{Energy} {Events} in {Low}-{Threshold} {Dark} {Matter} and {Neutrino} {Detectors}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2160-3308},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.13939},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.12.011009},
	abstract = {We discuss several low-energy backgrounds to sub-GeV dark matter searches, which arise from high-energy particles of cosmic or radioactive origin that interact with detector materials. We focus in particular on Cherenkov radiation, transition radiation, and luminescence or phonons from electron-hole pair recombination, and show that these processes are an important source of backgrounds at both current and planned detectors. We perform detailed analyses of these backgrounds at several existing and proposed experiments based on a wide variety of detection strategies and levels of shielding. We find that a large fraction of the observed single-electron events in the SENSEI 2020 run originate from Cherenkov photons generated by high-energy events in the Skipper Charge Coupled Device, and from recombination photons generated in a phosphorus-doped layer of the same instrument. In a SuperCDMS HVeV 2020 run, Cherenkov photons produced in printed-circuit-boards located near the sensor likely explain the origin of most of the events containing 2 to 6 electrons. At SuperCDMS SNOLAB, radioactive contaminants inside the Cirlex located inside or on the copper side walls of their detectors will produce many Cherenkov photons, which could dominate the low-energy backgrounds. For the EDELWEISS experiment, Cherenkov or luminescence backgrounds are subdominant to their observed event rate, but could still limit the sensitivity of their future searches. We also point out that Cherenkov radiation, transition radiation, and recombination could be a significant source of backgrounds at future experiments aiming to detect dark-matter via scintillation or phonon signals. We also discuss the implications of our results for the development of superconducting qubits and low-threshold searches for coherent neutrino scattering, and comment on design strategies that can be implemented to mitigate these backgrounds.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-02-20},
	journal = {Phys. Rev. X},
	author = {Du, Peizhi and Egana-Ugrinovic, Daniel and Essig, Rouven and Sholapurkar, Mukul},
	month = jan,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Quantum Physics},
	pages = {011009},
	annote = {Comment: 32 pages, 22 figures, 4 appendices. v2 matches the published version, which contains minor corrections and extends the discussion on qubit decoherence},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/Users/meeg/Zotero/storage/ZVC3Z8FH/Du et al. - 2022 - Sources of Low-Energy Events in Low-Threshold Dark.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{oscura,
	title = {The {Oscura} {Experiment}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.10518},
	abstract = {The Oscura experiment will lead the search for low-mass dark matter particles using a very large array of novel silicon Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) with a threshold of two electrons and with a total exposure of 30 kg-yr. The R\&D effort, which began in FY20, is currently entering the design phase with the goal of being ready to start construction in late 2024. Oscura will have unprecedented sensitivity to sub-GeV dark matter particles that interact with electrons, probing dark matter-electron scattering for masses down to 500 keV and dark matter being absorbed by electrons for masses down to 1 eV. The Oscura R\&D effort has made some significant progress on the main technical challenges of the experiment, of which the most significant are engaging new foundries for the fabrication of the CCD sensors, developing a cold readout solution, and understanding the experimental backgrounds.},
	urldate = {2022-02-23},
	journal = {arXiv:2202.10518},
	author = {Aguilar-Arevalo, Alexis and Bessia, Fabricio Alcalde and Avalos, Nicolas and Baxter, Daniel and Bertou, Xavier and Bonifazi, Carla and Botti, Ana and Cababie, Mariano and Cancelo, Gustavo and Cervantes-Vergara, Brenda Aurea and Castello-Mor, Nuria and Chavarria, Alvaro and Chavez, Claudio R. and Chierchie, Fernando and De Egea, Juan Manuel and D`Olivo, Juan Carlos and Dreyer, Cyrus E. and Drlica-Wagner, Alex and Essig, Rouven and Estrada, Juan and Estrada, Ezequiel and Etzion, Erez and Fernandez-Moroni, Guillermo and Fernandez-Serra, Marivi and Holland, Steve and Barreda, Agustin Lantero and Lathrop, Andrew and Lipovetzky, Jose and Loer, Ben and Villalpando, Edgar Marrufo and Molina, Jorge and Perez, Santiago and Privitera, Paolo and Rodrigues, Dario and Saldanha, Richard and Cruz, Diego Santa and Singal, Aman and Saffold, Nathan and Stefanazzi, Leandro and Sofo-Haro, Miguel and Tiffenberg, Javier and Torres, Christian and Uemura, Sho and Vilar, Rocio},
	month = feb,
	year = {2022},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics},
	file = {arXiv Fulltext PDF:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/IGUFDBGQ/Aguilar-Arevalo et al. - 2022 - The Oscura Experiment.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/home/meeg/Zotero/storage/MWNMVGNR/2202.html:text/html},
}

@article{srh1957,
	title = {Carrier {Generation} and {Recombination} in {P}-{N} {Junctions} and {P}-{N} {Junction} {Characteristics}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {2162-6634},
	doi = {10.1109/JRPROC.1957.278528},
	abstract = {For certain p-n junctions, it has been observed that the measured current-voltage characteristics deviate from the ideal case of the diffusion model. It is the purpose of this paper to show that the current due to generation and recombination of carriers from generation-recombination centers in the space charge region of a p-n junction accounts for the observed characteristics. This phenomenon dominates in semiconductors with large energy gap, low lifetimes, and low resistivity. This model not only accounts for the nonsaturable reverse current, but also predicts an apparent exp (qV/nkT) dependence of the forward current in a p-n junction. The relative importance of the diffusion current outside the space charge layer and the recombination current inside the space charge layer also explains the increase of the emitter efficiency of silicon transistors with emitter current. A correlation of the theory with experiment indicates that the energy level of the centers is a few kT from the intrinsic Fermi level.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Proc. IRE},
	author = {Sah, Chih-tang and Noyce, Robert N. and Shockley, William},
	month = sep,
	year = {1957},
	keywords = {Silicon, Conductivity, Character generation, Current measurement, Current-voltage characteristics, Energy states, P-n junctions, Predictive models, Radiative recombination, Space charge},
	pages = {1228--1243},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/meeg/.zotero/zotero/npn5ytqx.default/zotero/storage/2QIQSNLI/4056679.html:text/html},
}

@article{ccd2003,
	title = {Fully depleted, back-illuminated charge-coupled devices fabricated on high-resistivity silicon},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {1557-9646},
	doi = {10.1109/TED.2002.806476},
	abstract = {Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have been fabricated on high-resistivity, n-type silicon. The resistivity, on the order of 10 000 /spl Omega//spl middot/cm, allows for depletion depths of several hundred micrometers. Fully depleted, back-illuminated operation is achieved by the application of a bias voltage to an ohmic contact on the wafer back side consisting of a thin in situ doped polycrystalline silicon layer capped by indium tin oxide and silicon dioxide. This thin contact allows for a good short-wavelength response, while the relatively large depleted thickness results in a good near-infrared response.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {IEEE Trans. Electron Devices},
	author = {Holland, S.E. and Groom, D.E. and Palaio, N.P. and Stover, R.J. and Mingzhi Wei},
	month = jan,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {noise, 1E4 ohmcm, astronomical telescopes, bias voltage, buried channel PMOSFET, capacitance, Capacitance, CCD image sensors, Charge coupled image sensors, charge-coupled devices, Conductivity, dark conductivity, dark current, depletion depths, focal planes, fully depleted back-illuminated CCDs, high-resistivity n-Si, InSnO, integrated circuit noise, Integrated circuit noise, inverse square capacitance, ITO, ITO capping, leakage currents, Leakage currents, MOSFET, MOSFETs, near-infrared response, ohmic contact, ohmic contacts, Ohmic contacts, reverse leakage current, short-wavelength response, Si, SIMS depth profile, SiO/sub 2/, SiO/sub 2/ capping, thin in situ doped polycrystalline silicon layer, wafer back side},
	pages = {225--238},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/meeg/.zotero/zotero/npn5ytqx.default/zotero/storage/R24P4DI8/1185186.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/home/meeg/.zotero/zotero/npn5ytqx.default/zotero/storage/QURLK2KA/Holland et al. - 2003 - Fully depleted, back-illuminated charge-coupled de.pdf:application/pdf},
}